Beforeigners. Un caso de segregación en una metrópoli multiculturalista / A Case of Segregation in a Multiculturalist Metropolis in The Beforeigners Series

Tomando como eje la noción de plus de gozar propuesta por Jacques Lacan en su seminario De un Otro al otro, el presente trabajo aborda diferentes modos en que la serie de ciencia ficción noruega Beforeigners pone en escena modalidades de la segregación en una sociedad en la que predominan ideales como la tolerancia y la inclusión

Taking as its axis the notion of surplus jouissance [plus-de-jouir], proposed by Jacques Lacan in his seminar from an Other to the other, this paper addresses different ways in which the Norwegian science fiction series Beforeigners stages modalities of segregation in a society in which values such as tolerance and inclusion predominate

STUDY OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDICAL FACILITIES

OBJECTIVE- To study disposal of different types of biomedical waste and to studythe status of BMW management in different level of hospitalsMETHOD-Medical facilities were divided into 4 groups. 10 facilities from each groupwere selected by simple random sampling. Facilities were visited by surveying groupsand specific data about collection and disposal of waste were collected by askingmanagement personnels of hospitals, doctors and staff.RESULT- 90% of single speciality hospitals and 80% of multispeciality hospitals arefollowing proper storage and segregations of BMW.90% of super speciality hospitalshave transportation facilities.60% of super speciality hospitals , 30% of multispecialityand 20% of single speciality hospitals have incinerators. All super speciality hospitalshave autoclave machines, while 70% of single and 50% of multispeciality hospitalshave that. While only 2 out of 10 clinics have an autoclave machine.60% of both clinicsand Superspeciality hospitals are using land disposal as a method of BMWmanagement. 80% of small clinics and 70% of multispeciality hospitals are having dryand wet thermal management.CONCLUSION- Superspeciality hospitals and Single specialty hospitals are usingcostly methods like incineration and autoclave also following guidelines for storage ,segregation and transportation of BMW properly while amongst all most small clinicscan’t afford costly methods so uses cheaper techniques like chemical treatment and dryand wet thermal methods.

Segregación ocupacional femenina: el pegamento que enmascara la discriminación salarial en una universidad colombiana / Female occupational segregation: the glue that masks wage discrimination in a public university in Colombia

Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivo capturar la segregación ocupacional y la discriminación salarial por género en la Universidad del Cauca, ubicada en el suroccidente colombiano, durante cuatro momentos en el tiempo (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). La metodología es cuantitativa e implementa en el primer caso el Índice de Karmel y MacLachlan (KM) y la descomposición de Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) en el segundo. Se utiliza información de datos panel en la descomposición KOB, lo que permite evaluar la evolución de la segregación en el tiempo. Las variables incluyen el género, el salario, la edad, los años de experiencia, el nivel de formación, los cargos administrativos, la unidad académica, entre otros. La información fue suministrada por la Vicerrectoría académica de la Universidad de forma totalmente anonimizada. Los resultados muestran evidencia de segregación ocupacional y discriminación salarial por género; a pesar de que en los últimos años ambas brechas se están cerrando levemente, el problema permanece. La segregación ocupacional ocurre aún en ocupaciones beta tradicionalmente ocupadas por las mujeres pese a la baja percepción de discriminación laboral por parte de las profesoras universitarias. En cuanto a las ocupaciones alfa, estas mantienen la hegemonía masculina. Las características observables hacen que existan diferencias en la modificación salarial entre profesores y profesoras, pero estas cada vez se hacen menos fuertes por el aumento en el nivel de formación y la disminución en el número de hijos e hijas. Existen factores discriminatorios no observados que mantienen la discriminación salarial femenina en respuesta a factores culturales arraigados en el patriarcado y tradicionalismo de la región donde se encuentra la universidad.

Abstract This research aims to capture occupational segregation and wage discrimination by gender in the University of Cauca, located in southwestern Colombia, during four periods (2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020). There are few studies in this direction, and the existing ones do not address it in depth, at least in emerging countries. In this sense, it is the first time it has been done for Colombian higher education institutions. The methodology is quantitative and it implements the Karmel and MacLachlan Index (KM) in the first case and the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder (KOB) decomposition in the second one. To deepen the analysis panel data information was used for the first time in the KOB decomposition for these issues, which allows evaluating the evolution of segregation over time. The variables analysed include gender, wage, age, years of experience, education level, administrative charges, and academic departments of origin, among others. The information used comes from the official data provided by the Administrative Office of the University of Cauca. This is characterized by being totally anonymous and by exclusively comprising full-time teachers, that is, those with an indefinite term contract. Temporal teachers and/or professors with a defined term contract are excluded, due to the volatility in the employment relationship, which would otherwise introduce noise into the analysis. In general, the information shows that alpha professions (better paid, with greater projection and public recognition) have been dominated in the last five years by professors; while beta professions (that is those with lower salaries, little projection and recognition) have been led by women. This preliminary result leads to consider that there is labor and/or wage segregation within this university. The estimates of the KM index showed, firstly, that all professions, both alpha and beta, have at least some segregation in the period analysed, since this is greater than zero. Second, segregation has been low and slightly decreasing over time for beta professions. In fact, it was 0.09 in 2005 and 0.072 in 2020. Third, for alpha professions, the index has been markedly increasing over time, which suggests that the proportion of female teachers who must change professions so that segregation from men was zero is increasing. Regarding wage discrimination, all the differences were negative, which shows that the average salaries of female teachers are lower than those of male teachers and therefore their difference is less than zero. Although the results are only statistically significant for the years 2011, 2014 and 2020, it can be highlighted that these differentials have been decreasing over time. In effect, it was -0.24 log-wage in 2005 and -0.051 log-wage in 2020. These results are partially in line with those obtained in the KM index. Occupational and salary segregation seems to have decreased slightly in recent years in this university, but it still exists. In the case of decomposition change, all the variations in the endowment are positive and significant but are characterized as decreasing, which indicates that changes in average wage differentials have been narrowing over time. The empirical evidence suggest that occupational segregation still occurs in beta professions traditionally occupied by women despite the low perception of job discrimination by university professors. As for alpha occupations, they maintain male hegemony. The observable characteristics mean that there are differences in the wage modification between male and female teachers, but this is becoming less strong due to the increase in the education level and the decrease in the number of children. There are unobserved discriminatory factors that maintain female wage discrimination in response to cultural factors rooted in the patriarchy and traditionalism of the region where the university is located.

Racial and economic segregation in Brazil: a nationwide analysis of socioeconomic and socio-spatial inequalities / Segregação racial e econômica no Brasil: uma análise nacional das desigualdades socioeconômicas e socioespaciais / Segregación racial y económica en Brasil: un análisis nacional de las desigualdades socioeconómicas y socioespaciales

Abstract This article aims to analyze residential segregation by race (racial segregation) and income (economic segregation) in Brazil and explore its relationship with socioeconomic and socio-spatial factors. Residential segregation was assessed using the dissimilarity index based on the 2010 demographic census and considering urban census tracts since segregation is sociologically considered an urban problem. The results for racial segregation showed that it is more evident in cities in the South and Southeast of Brazil and mainly affects the self-declared black population. The approach used to calculate economic segregation involved examining the income level of different low-income groups. Therefore, we consider families that earned between 0 and 1 minimum wage as the group with the greatest social vulnerability. We did not find significant correlations between racial and income segregation indices with aspects such as urbanization (urban population size). Finally, we present the racial segregation indices stratifying families by income thresholds for the 27 Brazilian capitals and conclude that per capita household income is a preponderant factor for the segregation of the poorest, especially in families whose residents self-identify as black.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a segregação residencial por raça (segregação racial) e renda (segregação econômica) no Brasil e explorar sua relação com fatores socioeconômicos e socioespaciais. A segregação residencial foi avaliada pelo índice de dissimilaridade baseado no Censo Demográfico de 2010 e considerando setores censitários urbanos, uma vez que a segregação é entendida sociologicamente como um problema urbano. Os resultados mostram que a segregação racial é mais evidente nas cidades do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, atingindo principalmente a população autodeclarada preta. A abordagem utilizada para calcular a segregação econômica envolveu examinar o nível de renda de diferentes grupos de baixa renda. Portanto, consideramos as famílias que ganham entre 0 e 1 salário mínimo - o grupo de maior vulnerabilidade social. Não encontramos correlações significativas entre os índices de segregação racial e de renda com fatores como a urbanização (tamanho da população urbana). Por fim, apresentamos os índices de segregação racial estratificando as famílias por faixas de renda para as 27 capitais brasileiras e concluímos que a renda domiciliar per capita é fator preponderante para a segregação dos mais pobres, principalmente nas famílias cujos moradores se autodeclaram pretos.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la segregación residencial por raza (segregación racial) y renta (segregación económica) en Brasil y explorar su relación con factores socioeconómicos y socioespaciales. La segregación residencial se evaluó utilizando el índice de disimilitud con base en el censo demográfico de 2010 y considerando las secciones censales urbanas ya que la segregación es considerada sociológicamente como un problema urbano. Los resultados para la segregación racial mostraron que esta es más evidente en ciudades del sur y del sudeste de Brasil y que afecta principalmente a la población autodeclarada negra. El enfoque usado para calcular la segregación económica implicó examinar el nivel de ingresos de diferentes grupos de bajos ingresos. Por lo tanto, consideramos que las familias que ganaban entre cero y un salario mínimo son el grupo con mayor vulnerabilidad social. No encontramos correlaciones significativas entre los índices de segregación racial y los de ingresos con factores como la urbanización (tamaño de la población urbana). Finalmente, presentamos los índices de segregación racial estratificando a las familias por umbrales de renta para las 27 capitales brasileñas y concluimos que la renta per cápita de los hogares es un factor preponderante para la segregación de los más pobres, en especial en las familias cuyos habitantes se autodeclaran negros.

Muro, segregação e semeaduras: recultivando uma investigação da vida em um território de invis(c)ivilizações / The wall, segregation, and sowings: recultivating an investigation of life in a territory of invisibi(civi)lizations

Resumo Para nutrir o solo da pesquisa de mestrado com outras perspectivas, este artigo apresenta-se como uma tentativa de incorporar novas referências e reelaborações a essa investigação que teve como proposta cartografar certos arranjos cotidianos da produção de vida, as dinâmicas do território e as formas de resistência a um projeto estrutural de precarização das existências a partir dos encontros com alguns habitantes de um bairro periférico de São Paulo/SP. Para a cobertura desse solo teórico/relacional (humano e extra-humano) que se pretende preparar e nutrir ao longo do processo de doutoramento, são incorporadas questões sobre os atravessamentos e efeitos do enfrentamento desigual da pandemia de covid-19 em grupos sociais marginalizados. Sem a pretensão de formular respostas definitivas nesta incipiente retomada, visa-se produzir uma espécie de "escrita-adubo" com outras perspectivas, intersecções e análises possíveis. A aposta é que as paisagens-narrativas rememoradas das vivências de encontros, que aqui são trazidas à tona, suscitem "germinações" passíveis de nova intervenção problematizadora nos processos de invisibilização de certas existências − e das territorialidades por elas habitadas - que paradoxalmente dão a ver os sistemáticos atos de "muralhamento" e de ocultação desses territórios geográfico-existenciais.

Abstract In order to nourish the soil of the master's research with other perspectives, this article is an attempt to incorporate new references and re-elaborations to the investigation that was designed to map certain daily arrangements of the production of life, the dynamics of the territory and the forms of resistance to a structural project of precarization of existence from the encounters with some residents of a peripheral neighborhood of São Paulo/SP. To cover this theoretical/relational ground (human and extra-human) intended to be prepared and nurtured throughout the doctoral process, questions about the crossings and effects of the unequal coping with the covid-19 pandemic on marginalized social groups have been incorporated. Without claiming to provide definitive answers in this incipient resumption, the aim is to produce a kind of "compost-writing" with other possible perspectives, intersections and analyses. The bet is that the narrative-landscapes recalled from the experiences of encounters, which are brought to light here, give rise to "germinations" subject to a new problematizing intervention in the processes of invisibilization of certain existences − and the territorialities they inhabit - that paradoxically reveal the systematic acts of "walling" and concealing these geographic-existential territories.

¿Por qué todos los técnicos de campo del Programa Nacional de Chagas de Argentina son varones? / Why all the field technicians of the National Chagas Program in Argentina are men? / Por que todos os técnicos de campo do Programa Nacional de Chagas na Argentina são homens?

Resumen El Chagas es una enfermedad causada por el parásito Trypanosoma cruzi y una problemática de salud socioambiental presente en todo el mundo. Una de las vías de transmisión de este parásito es a través del contacto con heces de vinchucas infectadas. En Argentina existen programas de control vectorial que se encargan de prevenir esta vía de transmisión. Específicamente quienes realizan este trabajo son los técnicos de campo, que son prácticamente todos varones. Mediante un abordaje cualitativo e interpretativo que incluyó entrevistas, análisis documental y observación, indagamos por qué las mujeres no se desarrollan en esta área ocupacional dentro del Programa Nacional de Chagas. La mayoría de las personas entrevistadas justificaron la falta de contratación de mujeres basándose en estereotipos de género. Otro gran grupo indicó que se debe al posible daño que los insecticidas les generarían. Sin embargo, no existen recomendaciones ni reglamentaciones oficiales que demuestren que las mujeres no deban realizar este tipo de trabajo, por lo que concluimos que se trata de un acto discriminatorio por género hacia ellas. Consideramos que es necesario que los equipos de trabajo sean diversos en cuanto a género, ya que podrían mejorar las intervenciones y estrategias de control vectorial en los diferentes territorios.

Abstract Chagas is a disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and a socio-environmental health problem present throughout the world. One of the routes of transmission of this parasite is through contact with feces of infected kissing bugs. In Argentina there are vector control programs that are responsible for preventing this route of transmission. Specifically, those who are in charge of this work are the field technicians, who are practically all men. Through a qualitative and interpretive approach that included interviews, documentary analysis and observation, we investigated why women do not participate in this occupational area in the National Program of Chagas. Most of the people interviewed justified the lack of women based on gender stereotypes. Another group indicated that it is due to the possible damage that insecticides would generate in women. We found that there is occupational segregation by gender towards women and other sex-gender identities, since there are no official recommendations or regulations which forbids women to perform in this type of job. We believe that it is necessary for the work teams to be diverse in terms of gender, since it would improve vector control interventions and strategies in the different territories.

Resumo A doença de Chagas é um problema de saúde socioambiental presente em todo o mundo. Uma das vias de transmissão é através do contato com fezes de barbeiros infectados com o parasita Trypanosoma cruzi. Na Argentina existem programas de controle de vetores que previnem esta forma de transmissão. Especificamente, os responsáveis por este trabalho são os técnicos de campo, que praticamente são todos homens. Neste estudo, procuramos encontrar respostas sobre porque as mulheres não participam dessa área ocupacional no Programa Nacional de Chagas por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa e interpretativa que incluiu entrevistas, análise documental e observação. A maioria das pessoas entrevistadas justificou a falta de mulheres com base em estereótipos de gênero. Outro grupo indicou que é devido ao possível dano que os inseticidas lhes causariam. No entanto, não existem recomendações ou regulamentos oficiais que demonstrem que as mulheres não devem exercer este tipo de trabalho, pelo que concluímos que se trata de um ato discriminatório com base no gênero em relação a elas. Acreditamos que é necessário que as equipes de trabalho sejam diversificadas em termos de gênero, pois isso melhoraria as intervenções e estratégias de controle de vetores nos diferentes territórios.

Distribución geográfica de la familia de caracoles terrestres Spiraxidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) en México / Geographic distribution of the land snail family Spiraxidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Mexico

Resumen Introducción: Spiraxidae es la familia de gasterópodos terrestres más diversa de México con una distribución principalmente neotropical. Sin embargo, la influencia de las condiciones ambientales de esta región en su distribución aún es poco conocida. Objetivo: Determinar las afinidades zoogeográficas y la influencia de factores ambientales en la distribución de Spiraxidae en México. Métodos: Compilamos registros de distribución de museos y usamos modelos para establecer áreas con composición de especies, concentración de especies, afinidades y relaciones con variables ambientales similares. Resultados: Encontramos 231 especies y subespecies, 96 en el estado de Veracruz y 74 en la Sierra Madre Oriental. La principal afinidad zoogeográfica fue neotropical. El bosque mesófilo de montaña tuvo la mayor cantidad de especies y subespecies (93). Tres de los grupos zonales tienen una composición particular de especies y el 67 % de las especies son especialistas de hábitat. La presencia de especies sigue un gradiente ambiental, con la cubierta de árboles de hoja perenne de hoja ancha y la precipitación media anual como variables determinantes. Las especies del norte tuvieron mayor tolerancia a la aridez y menor cobertura de hojas. Conclusiones: Spiraxidae tiene su mayor diversidad en los estados del Sur de México; sin embargo, la zona nororiental tiene más registros de especies. Estos caracoles se encuentran principalmente en bosques mesófilos de montaña y bosques tropicales siempre verdes. Las especies del norte de México tuvieron una mayor tolerancia a los sitios con poca lluvia y menos cobertura de árboles de hoja perenne de hoja ancha que las especies del sur.

Abstract Introduction: Spiraxidae is the most diverse family of terrestrial gastropods in Mexico with a mainly neotropical distribution. However, the influence of environmental conditions in this region on its distribution is still poorly known. Objective: To determine zoogeographic affinities and the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of Spiraxidae in Mexico. Methods: We compiled museum distribution records and used models to establish areas with similar species composition, species concentration, affinities and relationship with environmental variables. Results: We found 231 species and subspecies, 96 in Veracruz state and 74 in Sierra Madre Oriental. The main zoogeographic affinity was neotropical. Mountain mesophyll forest had the most species and subspecies (93). Three of zone groups have a particular species composition and 67 % of the species are habitat specialists. Species presence follows an environmental gradient, with broadleaf evergreen tree cover and average annual precipitation as determining variables. Northern species had greater tolerance to aridity and reduced leaf cover. Conclusions: Spiraxidae has its greatest diversity in the Southern states of Mexico; however, the Northeastern zone has more species records. These snails mostly occur in mesophyll mountain forest and tropical evergreen forest. Species from Northern Mexico had greater tolerance to sites with low rainfall and less broadleaf evergreen tree cover than Southern species.

Gozo, segregação e trauma na civilização neoliberal / Enjoyment, segregation, and trauma in the neoliberal civilization / Jouissance, ségrégation et traumatisme dans la civilisation néolibérale

O real, em Lacan, aparece como um resto que escapa inevitavelmente à ordem simbólica e tem um efeito traumático. O sintoma responde ao traumático preservando algo dele, mas ao mesmo tempo o disfarçando. Para isso, ele alia-se à fantasia, na qual o gozo que assinala a irrupção do traumático é projetado no Outro. Na sociedade repressiva da época de Freud, sintoma e fantasia forneciam ao sujeito uma válvula de escape que velava o trauma estrutural. Na sociedade neoliberal contemporânea, o imperativo do gozo torna isso mais difícil e o trauma estrutural mostra-se de maneira mais evidente. Além disso, a segregação em termos de tipo de gozo ou de possibilidade de acesso ao gozo reforça o elemento traumático. O establishment psiquiátrico, contudo, tende a desresponsabilizar o sujeito (e a sociedade na qual ele vive) pelo trauma.

The real, in Lacan, appears as a rest that inevitably escapes the symbolic order and has a traumatic effect. The symptom responds to the trauma by preserving something from it while disguising it. For that, it articulates itself to fantasy, in which the enjoyment that marks the irruption of the trauma is projected onto the Other. In the repressive society of the times of Freud, symptom and fantasy provided the subject with an escape valve that veiled the structural trauma. In contemporary neoliberal society, the imperative of enjoyment hinders this mechanism, thus the structural trauma appears more evidently. Moreover, segregation in terms of the type of enjoyment or the possibility of access to enjoyment reinforces the traumatic element. The psychiatric establishment, however, tends to exempt the subject (and the society where he lives) from responsibility for the trauma.

Le réel, chez Lacan, apparaît comme un reste qui échappe inévitablement à l'ordre symbolique et a un effet traumatique. Le symptôme répond au traumatisme en en préservant quelque chose, mais en le masquant en même temps. Pour cela, il s'allie au fantasme, dans lequel la jouissance qui marque l'irruption du traumatique est projetée sur l'Autre. Dans la société répressive du temps de Freud, le symptôme et le fantasme fournissaient au sujet un exutoire qui voilait le traumatisme structurel. Dans la société néolibérale contemporaine, l'impératif de jouissance rend cela plus difficile et le traumatisme structurel apparaît plus clairement. De plus, la ségrégation en termes de type de jouissance ou de possibilité d'accès à la jouissance renforce l'élément traumatique. L'établissement psychiatrique a cependant la tendance à exonérer le sujet (et la société dans laquelle il vit) de la responsabilité du traumatisme.

Contribuições Psicanalíticas sobre as Raízes do Racismo / Psychoanalytic Contributions to the Roots of Racism / Contribuciones Psicoanalíticas a las Raíces del Racismo

O presente artigo reúne contribuições psicanalíticas a respeito do fenômeno do racismo, seu lugar na organização da sociedade ocidental e brasileira, e na constituição do sujeito. O intuito é examinar as análises de pessoas negras para além da afirmação de que ser negro e lutar contra o racismo levaria à formação de grupo e inviabilizaria a emergência da singularidade do sujeito. Buscamos, então, as exíguas contribuições psicanalíticas sobre o tema para abordar a questão. Estudamos o conceito de raça e racismo em outros campos do saber a fim de desvelarmos os mecanismos do racismo como construto social, histórico e político. A investigação da literatura psicanalítica nos aproximou dos conceitos de ódio e expulsão e foi possível verificar que tais artifícios estão envolvidos tanto na fundação de um tipo específico de laço social, quanto na fundação do sujeito. Por fim, resgatamos as contribuições feitas por Lélia Gonzalez no que se refere ao racismo e seus efeitos na constituição da subjetividade negra e na sociedade e cultura brasileiras a partir da psicanálise.

This article collects psychoanalytic contributions regarding the phenomenon of racism, its place in the constitution of Western, Brazilian society and in the constitution of the subject. The aim is to examine the analyses of black people far beyond the mere statement that being black and fighting against racism would lead to the formation of a group and would make the emergence of subject's singularity unfeasible. Therefore, we have sought the scarce psychoanalytical contributions on the subject in order to approach the issue of racism. We have studied the concept of race and racism in other fields of knowledge in order to understand the mechanism of racism as a social, historical and political construct. We have approached the concepts of hatred and expulsion in psychoanalysis and realized that such mechanisms are involved both not only in the foundation of a type of social bond but also in the foundation of the subject. Finally, we have rescued the contributions made from the field of psychoanalysis by Lélia Gonzalez regarding the role of racism in the constitution of black subjectivity and in Brazilian society and culture.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo recoger aportes psicoanalíticos sobre el fenómeno del racismo, su lugar en la constitución de la sociedad occidental brasileña y en la constitución del sujeto, para ayudarnos a pensar en el análisis de los negros más allá de la mera afirmación de que el ser negro, la lucha contra el racismo conduce a la formación de un grupo que hace inviable la singularidad. Luego buscamos las pocas aportaciones psicoanalíticas sobre el tema, para abordar el tema del racismo. Estudiamos el concepto de raza y racismo en otros campos del conocimiento para llegar al mecanismo del racismo como construcción social, histórica y política. La investigación en la literatura psicoanalítica sobre el mecanismo del racismo nos acercó a los conceptos de odio y expulsión en psicoanálisis y nos dimos cuenta de que estos mecanismos están involucrados tanto en lafundación de un tipo de vínculo social como en la fundación del sujeto. Finalmente, recordamos las contribuciones de Lélia González sobre el lugar del racismo en la constitución de la subjetividad negra y en la sociedad y cultura brasileñas basadas en el psicoanálisis.

Associação entre segregação residencial racial e mortalidade por homicídio nos municípios de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Association between racial residential segregation and homicide mortality in municipalities in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é avaliar a associação entre segregação residencial racial e mortalidade por homicídios em Minas Gerais (MG). Trata-se de estudo ecológico, com os municípios de MG como unidades de análise. O desfecho foi óbitos por homicídio ocorridos de 2008 a 2012 e a exposição a medida de segregação residencial índice de interação racial, estimada para 2010 a partir dos dados do censo demográfico; outras covariáveis foram renda média per capita e índice de Gini. As variáveis foram apresentadas em mapas temáticos e a associação entre elas foi investigada por modelos hierárquicos bayesianos. Houve associação negativa entre o índice de interação racial e a mortalidade por homicídios (coeficiente=-1,787; IC95%=-2,459; -1,119), em modelo ajustado pela renda per capita. Os municípios de MG com maior interação racial tiveram em média uma menor mortalidade por homicídios.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the association between racial residential segregation and homicide mortality in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. We conducted an ecological study in which the units of analysis were municipalities in MG. The outcome was homicide deaths between 2008 and 2012 and the exposure variable was residential segregation measured using the racial interaction index, calculated using data from the 2010 Demographic Census. The covariables were per capita family income and the Gini index. The variables were presented in tables and thematic maps and associations were measured using Bayesian hierarchical models. The results of the model adjusted for per capita family income showed a negative association between the racial interaction index and homicide mortality (coefficient=-1.787; 95%CI=-2.459; -1.119). Homicide mortality was lower in municipalities with higher levels of racial interaction.

Políticas de ampliação do acesso ao ensino superior e mudança no perfil de egressos de medicina no Brasil: um estudo transversal / Policies for expanding access to higher education and changing the profile of medical graduates in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Resumo Este estudo avalia o impacto de políticas de ampliação do acesso ao ensino superior na redução de iniquidades no perfil dos egressos de cursos médicos no Brasil. Estudo transversal que utiliza dados do Censo da Educação Superior de 2018. Foram realizadas análises para identificar associação entre ser beneficiário da Lei de Cotas, do Programa Universidade para Todos ou do Fundo de Financiamento Estudantil e três marcadores: nascimento em município de pequeno porte, ser não-branco ou ter cursado ensino médio em escola pública. Realizamos análises utilizando teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson e análise multivariada através de regressão de Poisson. Houve associação significativa entre ser beneficiário destas políticas e ser egresso não branco, ter nascido em município de pequeno porte e ser egresso de escola pública no ensino médio. Todas as políticas apresentaram resultados de Razões de Prevalências (RP) ajustadas superiores a um e com significância estatística. A Lei de Cotas foi a política mais efetiva com RP=1,92 para ser egresso não-branco, RP=6,66 para ter estudado ensino médio em escola pública e RP=1,08 para ter nascido em município de pequeno porte. Apesar destes resultados, estes grupos continuam sub-representados nos cursos médicos e na composição da força de trabalho.

Abstract This study assesses the effectiveness of policies to expand access to higher education in reducing inequities in the profile of graduates from medical courses in Brazil. This work consists of a cross-sectional study using data from the 2018 Higher Education Census. Analyses were carried out to identify the association between being a beneficiary of the Quota Law, the University for All Program, or the Student Financing Fund and three markers: born in a small-sized municipality, being non-white, or having attended high school in a public school. Analyses were performed using Pearson's chi-square test, and multivariate analysis was conducted using Poisson regression. A significant association was found between being a beneficiary of these policies and being a non-white graduate, who was born in a small town and who had studied in a public high school. All policies presented adjusted Prevalence Ratio (PR), which demonstrated an association with statistical significance. The Quota Law was the most effective policy, with RP=1.92 for non-white graduates, RP=6.66 for having studied in a public high school, and RP=1.08 for being born in a small town. Despite these results, these groups remain underrepresented in medical courses and in the workforce.

Knowledge and awareness about biomedical waste segregation and disposal among pre-final year medical students at a tertiary care hospital

Background:Biomedical waste is any waste that is created during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunisationof human beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the manufacturing or testing of biologicals. India produces 500 tonnes of biomedical waste every day through numerous activities. It is projected that 10-25% of the total wasteis produced by the health care sector, which leads to severe health problems. If an appropriate measure is not incorporated into the current system, the negative effects of medical waste on the public and the environment will be hilarious. With this backdrop, a research study was carried out among medical students perusing under graduating in medicine, aiming to optimise their level of knowledge of biomedical waste segregation and disposal. Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive design was espoused to study among the 3rd year medical students. A random sampling method was chosen to select 150 students. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from them. Descriptive analysis was employed and the finding was presented intabular and pictorial forms.Results:Half of the students had good knowledge over BMW. Awareness of segregation wastes and colour coding among them was very poor.Conclusions:The study has unearthed the fact that half of the medical students haven’t had adequate knowledge of BMW management. Hands-on training at regular intervals with the updated information would enhance the students' knowledge and skills, and fill the lacuna in this area of research.

Estudiantes con alta capacidad: explorando su distribución según tipo de establecimiento educativo / Gifted Students: Exploring their Distribution According to the Type of Educational Institution

Resumen Antecedentes: estudiantes con alta capacidad o potencial de talento académico, necesitan un entorno enriquecedor para alcanzar un desempeño sobresaliente, y fenómenos como la segregación escolar impactan negativamente la transformación del potencial intelectual en talento académico. Objetivo: comparar la distribución de estudiantes con alta capacidad de quinto básico a cuarto medio de la provincia de Concepción, Chile, provenientes de familias de nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio y alto, según el tipo de establecimiento educativo en que estudian. Método: participaron 650 estudiantes entre 11 y 17 años de edad, quienes respondieron el test de matrices progresivas de Raven, el cual permitió identificar el potencial intelectual según el puntaje de corte. Resultados: hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el potencial intelectual entre estudiantes de establecimientos públicos, particulares subvencionados y particulares pagados, así como diferencias en la distribución del potencial intelectual según el nivel educativo de los estudiantes y el nivel socioeconómico de sus familias. Conclusiones: al explorar la distribución de estudiantes con alta capacidad según el tipo de establecimiento educativo, hay una mayor concentración de estudiantes con alta capacidad en establecimientos educativos con familias de nivel socioeconómico alto y una menor concentración de estos en establecimientos educativos con familias de nivel socioeconómico bajo.

Abstract Background: Gifted students or students with academic potential need an enriching environment to achieve an outstanding performance. However, phenomena such as school segregation negatively affect the transformation of intellectual potential into academic talent. Objective: To compare the distribution of gifted students from the fifth grade of elementary school to the fourth year of high school in the Province of Concepción, Chile, coming from families of low, medium and high socioeconomic status, determined by the type of educational institution in which they study. Method: Six hundred fifty (650) students aged between 11 and 17 participated in the study and answered the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test, which allowed the identification of the intellectual potential based on the cut-off score. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the intellectual potential among students from public, subsidized private and fee-paying private educational institutions, as well as differences in the distribution of the intellectual potential relative to the students' education level and their families' socioeconomic status. Conclusions: When exploring the distribution of gifted students according to the type of educational institution, there was a higher concentration of those students in educational institutions with families of high socioeconomic status, and a lower concentration in educational institutions with families of low socioeconomic status.

Por que as ocupações "femininas pagam menos? Um estudo longitudinal / Why do "female" occupations pay less? A longitudinal study / ¿Por qué las ocupaciones «femeninas¼ tienen salarios más bajos? Un estudio longitudinal

Resumo Nas últimas décadas, a taxa de participação feminina na força de trabalho cresceu de maneira expressiva no Brasil, passando de 18,5% em 1970 para 48,9% em 2010. Apesar disso, a segregação ocupacional por sexo persiste e pode ser um fator determinante para explicar a diferença salarial em desfavor das mulheres no país. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho é compreender porque as ocupações femininas pagam menos. A fim de testar a teoria sociológica da desvalorização do trabalho feminino, avalia-se o impacto da transição entre ocupações distintas quanto à composição por sexo no rendimento dos trabalhadores. Para isso, são utilizados os microdados longitudinais de divulgação trimestral das edições de 2012 a 2019 da PNAD Contínua (IBGE) em um modelo de painel de efeitos fixos. A tipologia de integração ocupacional proposta por Oliveira (2001) é adotada para classificar as ocupações em predominantemente femininas, predominantemente masculinas ou integradas. Os resultados mostram que o trabalhador experimenta queda no rendimento quando transita para uma ocupação feminina, de modo que a hipótese da desvalorização é suportada. Observa-se, ainda, que os maiores rendimentos são recebidos nas ocupações integradas, indicando que a relação entre a composição ocupacional por sexo e os rendimentos é não linear.

Abstract During the last decades, female participation in the labor force has increased significantly in Brazil, going from 18.5% in 1970 to 48.9% in 2010. Despite this, occupational gender segregation persists and may be determinant to explain the gender pay gap. This study aims to understand why female occupations have lower pay. In order to test the sociological theory of female work devaluation we evaluate the impact of the transition between different occupations regarding the sex composition on the salary of workers in the Brazilian labor market. To that end, we use a model with fixed effects with microdata from the 2012-2019 editions of the PNAD Contínua (IBGE). The typology of occupational integration proposed by Oliveira (2001) is adopted to classify occupations as predominantly female, predominantly male, or integrated. Results show that workers experience a decrease in wages when moving to a female occupation, hence supporting the devaluation theory. Also, the highest salaries are observed in integrated occupations, indicating that the relationship between occupational sex composition and pay is a non-linear one.

Resumen En las últimas décadas, la tasa de participación femenina en la fuerza de trabajo creció significativamente en Brasil, del 18,5 % en 1970 al 48,9 % en 2010. A pesar de esto, la segregación ocupacional por sexo persiste y puede ser un factor determinante para explicar la brecha salarial que desfavorece a las mujeres en el país. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo es comprender por qué las ocupaciones femeninas tienen salarios más bajos. Con el fin de probar la teoría sociológica de la desvalorización del trabajo femenino, se evalúa el impacto de la transición entre distintas ocupaciones en cuanto a la composición por sexo sobre los salarios de los trabajadores. Para eso, se utilizan microdatos longitudinales de divulgación trimestral de las ediciones entre 2012 y 2019 de la PNAD continua (IBGE) en un modelo de panel de efectos fijos. Se adopta la tipología de integración ocupacional propuesta por Oliveira (2001) para clasificar las ocupaciones en predominantemente femeninas, predominantemente masculinas o integradas. Los resultados muestran que el trabajador sufre la caída de su salario cuando pasa a una ocupación femenina, lo que sustenta la hipótesis de la devaluación. También se observa que los salarios más altos se reciben en ocupaciones integradas, lo que indica que la relación entre la composición ocupacional por sexo y los salarios no es lineal.

A cidade importa: urbanização, análise regional e segregação urbana em tempos de pandemia de Covid-19 / La ciudad importa: urbanización, análisis regional y segregación urbana en tiempos de pandemia de COVID-19 / The city matters: urbanization, regional analysis and urban segregation in times of the COVID-19 pandemic

No início de 2020, assentamentos urbanos em todo o mundo experimentaram a rápida expansão da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2). As cidades foram os focos de contaminação nos países que apresentaram notificações significativas de Covid-19. Neste estudo, investigamos primeiramente a disseminação do novo coronavírus entre cidades espraiadas e compactas, examinando aspectos como densidade urbana, localização de pessoas e empregos e padrões de deslocamento. Nessa análise, a literatura anterior e os dados recentes de três grandes cidades distintas (Nova York, Los Angeles e São Paulo) apoiam a discussão. Com base na revisão da literatura, demonstra-se que a morfologia urbana, a infraestrutura e os projetos de mobilidade e atividades econômicas são aspectos relevantes do desenvolvimento urbano que podem afetar as interações entre os cidadãos e a disseminação da Covid-19. Além disso, observa-se que a escala regional e a análise da rede urbana também são importantes nos estudos que investigam o crescimento da Covid-19. Por fim, a revisão da literatura mostra que a vulnerabilidade socioespacial urbana é relevante em tempos de pandemia, diante das associações entre a disseminação da Covid-19 e aspectos socioespaciais nas cidades, como pobreza e desigualdade.

A principios de 2020, los asentamientos urbanos de todo el mundo experimentaron la rápida expansión del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2). Las ciudades fueron los puntos críticos de contaminación por el virus dentro de los países que presentaron notificaciones significativas de COVID-19. En este estudio, primero investigamos la diseminación de COVID-19 en grandes ciudades compactas y extensas, y examinamos aspectos como la densidad urbana, la ubicación de personas y trabajos, y los patrones de desplazamiento. En este análisis, la literatura previa y los datos recientes de tres distintas grandes ciudades (Nueva York, Los Ángeles y San Pablo) apoyan nuestra discusión. Aquí, confirmamos que la morfología urbana, la infraestructura, los proyectos de movilidad y las actividades económicas son aspectos relevantes del desarrollo urbano que pueden afectar las interacciones entre los ciudadanos y la difusión de la COVID-19. Además, demostramos que la escala regional y el análisis de redes urbanas también son importantes en los estudios que investigan el crecimiento de COVID-19. Finalmente, investigamos la vulnerabilidad socioespacial urbana en tiempos de pandemia, destacando las asociaciones entre la diseminación de la COVID-19 y aspectos socio-dentro de las ciudades, como la pobreza y la desigualdad.

In early 2020, urban settlements worldwide have experienced the rapid expansion of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). Cities were the hotspots of virus contamination within countries presenting significant COVID-19 notifications. In this study, we first investigate the COVID-19 dissemination between compact and sprawling big cities, examining aspects such as urban density, location of people and jobs and commuting patterns. Previous literature and recent data from three distinct big cities (New York, Los Angeles and Sao Paulo) support our discussion. Our literature review demonstrates that urban morphology, infrastructure, mobility projects and economic activities are relevant aspects of urban development that might affect interactions among citizens and COVID-19 dissemination. In addition, we show that regional scale and urban network analysis are also relevant in studies investigating COVID-19 growth. Finally, our literature review shows that urban socio-spatial vulnerability is also relevant in times of pandemic, highlighting the associations between COVID-19 dissemination and socio aspects within cities, such as poverty and inequality.

Las brechas de género en las áreas de trabajo del sistema de salud argentino / Gender gaps in the work areas of the Argentine health system

Studies with a gender perspective focus on the way in which women and men relate to each other in different spheres, reflecting the distribution of power between them. This type of work division conditions the working life of women, who tend to dedicate fewer hours to paid work than men, affecting their labor income, as well as other non-monetary compensations. The objective of this study was to characterize the men and women employed in the health sector of Bahía Blanca, from a gender perspective. For this, the Permanent Household Survey of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC, as per its initials in Spanish) was analyzed using a quantitative methodology. The main results indicate that, although the sector is composed of a majority of women, this proportion being even greater than in the rest of the country, with more education and work experience than their male counterparts, women face conditions of horizontal and vertical labor segregation. At the same time, differences are observed in the contracting conditions. The study of work from a gender perspective will contribute to the design of policies that propose gender equity, that is, the absence of systematic and unfair differences in the working conditions and opportunities between women and men. In particular, this information can be very useful for developing strategies that tend to improve the situation of women when health care management is decentralized to lower levels of government.

Los estudios con perspectiva de género se centran en la forma en que se relacionan mujeres y varones en distintos ámbitos, reflejando la distribución de poder entre ambos. La división del trabajo según el género condiciona las trayectorias laborales de las mujeres, quienes suelen destinar menos horas que los varones al trabajo remunerado, lo que repercute en su ingreso laboral, así como en otras compensaciones no monetarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar a las personas ocupadas del sector de salud del partido de Bahía Blanca, Argentina, desde una perspectiva de género. Para ello se analizó la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC), utilizando una metodología cuantitativa. Los principales resultados señalan que, aun cuando el sector este compuesto por una mayoría de mujeres, incluso mayor que en el resto del país, con mayor educación y experiencia laboral que sus compañeros varones, estas enfrentan condiciones de segregación laboral horizontal y vertical, a la vez que se observan diferencias en las condiciones de contratación. El trabajo desde una mirada de género contribuirá al diseño de políticas que se propongan la equidad de género, es decir la ausencia de diferencias sistemáticas e injustas en las condiciones y las oportunidades de trabajo entre mujeres y varones. En particular, esta información puede resultar de gran utilidad para diseñar estrategias que tiendan a mejorar la situación de las mujeres cuando la gestión de la atención de salud se encuentra descentralizada a los niveles inferiores de gobierno.

No limite da cidade: diálogos entre a cidade e o quarto de despejo / On the edge of the city: dialogues between the city and the dumping room

O presente texto se compõe de reflexões realizadas a respeito do lugar dos pobres no direito à cidade capitalista, incitadas através da leitura do livro Quarto de despejo: o diário de uma favelada, de Carolina Maria de Jesus e de sua correlação com alguns autores que trazem a questão da cidade em suas obras. Ao longo de três seções, foram abordados temas como a criminalização da pobreza e a retirada dos pobres das cidades tradicionais, quando do estabelecimento da cidade enquanto mercadoria de luxo; a cidade e a para-cidade, a ilha que a cerca, onde procuramos compreender então quem tem direito a essa cidade-negócio e quem não tem; e, por fim, procuramos trazer à tona o sonho, a esperança que nos direciona ao campo de possibilidades, ao campo da vida e da restituição do urbano, onde tratamos um pouco a respeito da utopia desenhada por Lefebvre e da arte e do sensível enquanto meios de restaurar a vida nas cidades

This present is composed of reflections about the place of the poor in the right to the capitalistic city, incited by reading the book: Quarto de despejo: o diário de uma favelada, written by Carolina Maria de Jesus and its correlation to some authors who bring the issue of the city into their works. Throughout trhee sections, we approached subjects such as the criminalization of poverty and the removal of the poor from traditional cities, when the city was established as a luxury commodity; the city and the para-city, the island that surrounds it, where we tried to comprehend then who is entitled to this business-city and who is not; and, by the end, we tried to bring the dream, the hope that drives us to the possibilities field, to life field and to restitution of the urban, where we dealed a little with the utopia drawed by Lefebvre and with art and sensitive as paths to restore life in the cities

Time partitioning among neotropical frugivorous bats: effects of phylogeny, body size, and abundance / Distribución del tiempo entre murciélagos frugívoros neotropicales: efectos de la filogenia, el tamaño corporal y la abundancia

Abstract Introduction: Resource partitioning by promoting coexistence is essential to determine species richness and composition in natural communities. However, the partitioning of time has been questioned as a mechanism that promotes the coexistence of ecologically similar species. Objective: To determine the importance of the partitioning of time as a mechanism that promotes coexistence, we compared the activity patterns of tropical frugivorous bats. Methods: We captured bats with mist nets from sunset to sunrise in three study sites (tropical dry forest, wet forest, and rainforest) to calculate activity patterns of the species using Kernel density estimation. We used the superposition coefficient (Δ1) to compare activity patterns between (1) bat assemblages of study sites, (2) frugivorous species in the same site, and (3) populations of the same species among different sites. To determine whether the overlap in the activity patterns was related to the ecological similarity of species, we evaluated the association between Δ1 and similarity in abundances and body mass and phylogenetic closeness. Results: We found geographical variations in the overall activity patterns of the assemblages of the three localities. Likewise, we found variations in activity patterns between species at each study site and between populations in different study sites. Overlap in activity patterns tended to decrease as species were phylogenetically more closely related and similar in abundance and body size. Conclusions: Our results provide empirical support for the role of temporal segregation in activity patterns as a mechanism that promotes the coexistence of ecologically similar species in nature.

Resumen Introducción: La partición de recursos es esencial para determinar la riqueza y composición de especies en las comunidades naturales. Sin embargo, la segregacion temporal ha sido cuestionada como un mecanismo que promueve la coexistencia de especies ecológicamente similares. Objetivo: Con el fin de determinar la importancia de la segregación en los patrones de actividad, como mecanismo que promueve la coexistencia; se compararon los patrones de actividad de murciélagos frugívoros neotropicales. Métodos: Se capturaron murciélagos con redes de niebla desde el atardecer hasta el amanecer en tres localidades (bosque seco tropical, bosque muy húmedo y bosque lluvioso submontano) con el fin de calcular los patrones de actividad de las especies empleando la estimación de densidad Kernel. Se utilizó el coeficiente de superposición (Δ) para comparar patrones de actividad entre: (1) ensamblajes de murciélagos de los sitios de estudio, (2) especies frugívoras en el mismo sitio, y (3) poblaciones de la misma especie en diferentes sitios. Resultados: Se encontraron variaciones geográficas en los patrones de actividad de los ensamblajes en las tres localidades. Asimismo, se encontraron variaciones en los patrones de actividad entre especies en cada sitio y entre poblaciones en diferentes sitios. Determinamos que la superposición en los patrones de actividad disminuyó a medida que las especies estaban más relacionadas filogenéticamente, similares en abundancia y tamaño corporal; lo que sugiere una tendencia hacia la segregación temporal de especies ecológicamente similares. Conclusión: Estos resultados proveen apoyo empírico del papel de la segregación temporal en los patrones de actividad como un mecanismo que promueve la coexistencia de especies ecológicamente similares en la naturaleza.

Identification of enteric viruses from raw water using fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation coupled to RT-PCR / Identificación de virus entéricos en aguas crudas usando separación inmuno-magnética acoplada a RT-PCR

Abstract | Introduction: Enteric viruses have been associated with the production of a variety of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route and carried through contaminated food and water. Given their structure and composition, they are highly resistant to environmental conditions and most of the chemical agents used in the purification processes. Therefore, the systematic monitoring of raw water is necessary to ensure its quality especially when it is used for producing drinking water for human consumption. Objective: We identified the presence of rotavirus and hepatitis A virus by means of the fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation technique (FIMS) in raw water taken from four purification plants and their water supplies in the department of Norte de Santander. Materials and methods: The viruses were captured and separated from the water samples using magnetic microparticles functionalized with monoclonal anti-Hepatitis A and anti-Rotavirus antibodies. Confocal microscopy was used to monitor the viral concentration process and transmission electron microscopy for the morphological visualization of the separated viruses. The reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to confirm the presence of pathogens. Results: The two enteric viruses were identified in the majority of the analyzed water samples including water supply sources. Conclusion: We determined that the FIMS technique together with RT-PCR is highly effective for the detection of viral pathogens in complex matrices such as raw water.

Resumen | Introducción. Los virus entéricos se asocian con una serie de enfermedades transmitidas por vía fecal-oral en alimentos o agua contaminada. Dada su estructura y composición, son muy resistentes a las condiciones ambientales y a la mayoría de los agentes químicos empleados en los procesos de potabilización, por lo cual es necesario un monitoreo sistemático del agua cruda para asegurar su calidad, máxime cuando se emplea como materia prima en la producción de agua potable para consumo humano. Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de rotavirus y del virus de la hepatitis A mediante la técnica de separación fluoro-inmuno-magnética en agua cruda procedente de cuatro plantas de potabilización y sus fuentes hídricas en el departamento de Norte de Santander. Materiales y métodos. Los virus fueron capturados y separados a partir de las muestras de agua, empleando micropartículas magnéticas funcionalizadas con anticuerpos monoclonales anti-hepatitis A y anti-rotavirus. Se empleó microscopía confocal para hacer el seguimiento del proceso de concentración viral y, microscopía electrónica de transmisión, para la visualización morfológica de los virus separados. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa acoplada a transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR) se utilizó para confirmar la presencia de los patógenos. Resultados. Los dos virus entéricos se detectaron en la mayoría de las muestras de agua analizadas, incluidas las de sus fuentes hídricas. Conclusión. La técnica de separación fluoro-inmuno-magnética acoplada a RT-PCR fue altamente efectiva en la detección de patógenos virales en matrices complejas como el agua cruda.

Derecho a la educación para personas con necesidades especiales en hispanoamérica en el contexto del neoliberalismo / Right to Education for people with special needs in Latin Americain the context of Neoliberalism

Este trabajo intenta una aproximación crítica al desarrollo histórico del Derecho a la Educación inclusiva y no discriminatoria para personas con necesidades especiales en Hispanoamérica. Para ello se realiza una revisión de los antecedentes e hitos más relevantes en España, Cuba, Argentina y Venezuela, contrastándolos con su correlato empírico. Esto permite visibilizar, en el marco del establecimiento del neoliberalismo como modelo de desarrollo hegemónico, inconsistencias entre el desarrollo legislativo y su concreción en la vida de las personas con necesidades educativas especiales en términos del ejercicio de la Educación como un Derecho; poniendo en discusión los lineamientos de política de organismos internacionales en la materia.

This work attempts a critical approach to the historical development of the Right to Inclusive and non-discriminatory Education for people with special needs in Latin America. For this, a review of the most relevant antecedents and milestones in Spain, Cuba, Argentina and Venezuela is carried out, contrasting them with their empirical correlate. This makes it possible to make visible, within the framework of the establishment of neoliberalism as a model of hegemonic development, inconsistencies between legislative development and its realization in the lives of people with special educational needs in terms of the exercise of Education as a Right; putting into discussion the policy guidelines of international organizations on the matter.